Introduction Hormones orchestrate nearly every aspect of our physiology—from growth and reproduction to metabolism and mood. As we age, hormone levels change in predictable patterns, reshaping our health and wellbeing. Two of

Introduction Is aging an error in nature, a deliberate design, or simply an evolutionary compromise? Scientists have debated this for decades, and the answer profoundly shapes how we think about longevity. By looking

Introduction Aging remains one of biology’s most compelling mysteries: why do organisms deteriorate over time? Evolutionary theory offers powerful insights into this question. Rather than being a deliberate design failure, aging appears